Thucydides: THE MELIAN DIALOGUE (c. 430)
MELIANS No one can object to each of us putting forward our
own views in a calm atmosphere. That is perfectly reasonable. What is scarcely
consistent with such a proposal is the present threat, indeed the certainty, of
your making war on us. We see that you have come prepared to judge the argument
yourselves, and that the likely end of it all will be either war, if we prove
that we are in the right, and so refuse to surrender, or else slavery.
ATHENIANS If you are going to spend the time in enumerating your suspicions
about the future, or if you have met here for any other reason except to look
the facts in the face and on the basis of these facts to consider how you can
save your city from destruction, there is no point in our going on with this
discussion. If, however, you will do as we suggest, then we will speak on.
MELIANS It is natural and understandable that people who are placed as we are
should have recourse to all kinds of arguments and different points of view.
However, you are right in saying that we are met together here to discuss the
safety of our country and, if you will have it so, the discussion shall proceed
on the lines that you have laid down.
ATHENIANS Then we on our side will use no fine phrases
saying, for example, that we have a right to our empire because we defeated the
Persians, or that we have come against you now because of the injuries you have
done us—a great mass of words that nobody would believe. And we ask you on your
side not to imagine that you will influence us by saying that you, though a
colony of
MELIANS Then in our view (since you force us to leave
justice out of account and to confine ourselves to self-interest)—in our view
it is at any rate useful that you should not destroy a principle that is to the
general good of all men—namely, that in the case of all who fall into danger
there should be such a thing as fair play and just dealing, and that such
people should be allowed to use and to profit by arguments that fall short of a
mathematical accuracy. And this is a principle which affects you as much as
anybody, since your own fall would be visited by the most terrible vengeance
and would be an example to the world.
ATHENIANS . . . What we shall do now is to show you that it
is for the good of our own empire that we are here and that it is for the
preservation of your city that we shall say what we are going to say. We do not
want any trouble in bringing you into our empire, and we want you to be spared
for the good both of yourselves and of ourselves.
MELIANS And how could it be just as
good for us to be the slaves as for you to be the masters?
ATHENIANS You, by giving in, would save yourselves from
disaster; we, by not destroying you, would be able to profit from you.
MELIANS So you would not agree to
our being neutral, friends instead of enemies, but allies of neither side?
ATHENIANS No, because it is not so much your hostility that
injures us; it is rather the case that, if we were on friendly terms with you, our
subjects would regard that as a sign of weakness in us, whereas your hatred is
evidence of our power. . . . [Our subjects think] that those who still preserve
their independence do so because they are strong, and that if we fail to attack
them it is because we are afraid. So that by conquering you we shall increase
not only the size but the security of our empire. We rule the sea and you are
islanders, and weaker islanders too than the others; it is therefore
particularly important that you should not escape. .
MELIANS Then surely, if such hazards are taken by you to
keep your empire. . . we who are still free would show ourselves great cowards
and weaklings if we failed to face everything that comes rather than submit to
slavery.
ATHENIANS No, not if you are sensible. This is no fair fight, with honour on one side and shame on the other. It is rather a question of saying your lives and not resisting those who are far too strong for you.
MELIANS Yet we know that in war fortune sometimes makes the
odds more level than could be expected from the difference in numbers of the
two sides. And if we surrender, then all our hope is lost at once, whereas, so
long as we remain in action, there is still a hope that we may yet stand
upright.
ATHENIANS Hope, that comforter in danger! If one already has
solid advantages to fall back upon, one can indulge in hope. . . . (D)o not be
like those people who, as so commonly happens, miss the chance of saving themselves
in a human and practical way, and, when every clear and distinct hope has left
them in their adversity, turn to what is blind and vague, to prophecies and
oracles and such things which by encouraging
hope lead men to ruin.
MELIANS It is difficult, and you may be sure that we know it,
for us to oppose your power.
Nevertheless we trust that the gods will give us
fortune as good as yours, because we are standing for what
is right against what is wrong; and as for what we lack in power, we trust that
it will be made up for by our alliance with the Spartans,
who are bound, if for no other
reason, then for honour’s sake, and because we are
their kinsmen, to come to our help. Our confidence, therefore, is not so entirely irrational as you think.
ATHENIANS . . . Our opinion of the gods and our knowledge of
men lead us to conclude that it is a general and necessary law of nature to
rule wherever one can. . . . [W]ith regard to your
views about Sparta and your confidence that she, out of a sense of honour, will come to your aid, we must say that we
congratulate you on your simplicity but do not envy you your folly. .
You, if you take the right view. . . will see that there is
nothing disgraceful in giving way to the greatest city in Hellas when she is
offering you such reasonable terms—alliance on a tribute-paying basis and
liberty to enjoy your own property. And, when you are allowed to choose between
war and safety, you will not be so insensitively arrogant as to make the wrong
choice. This is the safe rule—to stand up to
one’s equals, to behave with deference towards one’s superiors, and to treat one’s inferiors with moderation. Think it over again, then, when we have withdrawn from the meeting, and let this be a point that constantly recurs to your minds— that you are discussing the fate of your country, that you have only one country, and that its future for good or ill depends on this one single decision which you are going to make.
The Athenians then withdrew from the discussion. The Melians, left to themselves, reached
a conclusion which was much the same as they had indicated in their previous
replies. Their answer was as follows:
MELIANS Our decision, Athenians, is just the same as it was at first. We are
not prepared to give up in a short moment the liberty which our city has
enjoyed from its foundation for 700 years. We put our trust in the fortune that
the gods will send and which has saved us up to now, and
in the help of men—that is, of the Spartans; and so we shall try to save
ourselves. But we invite you to allow us to be friends of yours and enemies to
neither side, to make a treaty which shall be agreeable to both you and us, and
so to leave our country.